opensim/OpenSim/Framework/WebUtil.cs

/*
 * Copyright (c) Contributors, http://opensimulator.org/
 * See CONTRIBUTORS.TXT for a full list of copyright holders.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
 *     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 *       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 *     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 *       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
 *       documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 *     * Neither the name of the OpenSimulator Project nor the
 *       names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products
 *       derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE DEVELOPERS ``AS IS'' AND ANY
 * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
 * WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
 * DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
 * DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
 * (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
 * LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
 * ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
 * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
 * SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 */

using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Collections.Specialized;
using System.Globalization;
using System.IO;
using System.IO.Compression;
using System.Net;
using System.Net.Security;
using System.Reflection;
using System.Text;
using System.Web;
using System.Xml;
using System.Xml.Serialization;
using log4net;
using OpenMetaverse.StructuredData;

namespace OpenSim.Framework
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Miscellaneous static methods and extension methods related to the web
    /// </summary>
    public static class WebUtil
    {
        private static readonly ILog m_log =
                LogManager.GetLogger(
                MethodBase.GetCurrentMethod().DeclaringType);

        private static int m_requestNumber = 0;

        // this is the header field used to communicate the local request id
        // used for performance and debugging
        public const string OSHeaderRequestID = "opensim-request-id";

        // number of milliseconds a call can take before it is considered
        // a "long" call for warning & debugging purposes
        public const int LongCallTime = 500;

        #region JSONRequest

        /// <summary>
        /// PUT JSON-encoded data to a web service that returns LLSD or
        /// JSON data
        /// </summary>
        public static OSDMap PutToServiceCompressed(string url, OSDMap data, int timeout)
        {
            return ServiceOSDRequest(url,data, "PUT", timeout, true);
        }

        public static OSDMap PutToService(string url, OSDMap data, int timeout)
        {
            return ServiceOSDRequest(url,data, "PUT", timeout, false);
        }

        public static OSDMap PostToService(string url, OSDMap data, int timeout)
        {
            return ServiceOSDRequest(url, data, "POST", timeout, false);
        }

        public static OSDMap PostToServiceCompressed(string url, OSDMap data, int timeout)
        {
            return ServiceOSDRequest(url, data, "POST", timeout, true);
        }

        public static OSDMap GetFromService(string url, int timeout)
        {
            return ServiceOSDRequest(url, null, "GET", timeout, false);
        }
        
        public static OSDMap ServiceOSDRequest(string url, OSDMap data, string method, int timeout, bool compressed)
        {
            int reqnum = m_requestNumber++;
            // m_log.DebugFormat("[WEB UTIL]: <{0}> start osd request for {1}, method {2}",reqnum,url,method);

            string errorMessage = "unknown error";
            int tickstart = Util.EnvironmentTickCount();
            int tickdata = 0;

            try
            {
                HttpWebRequest request = (HttpWebRequest)WebRequest.Create(url);
                request.Method = method;
                request.Timeout = timeout;
                request.KeepAlive = false;
                request.MaximumAutomaticRedirections = 10;
                request.ReadWriteTimeout = timeout / 4;
                request.Headers[OSHeaderRequestID] = reqnum.ToString();
                
                // If there is some input, write it into the request
                if (data != null)
                {
                    string strBuffer =  OSDParser.SerializeJsonString(data);
                    byte[] buffer = System.Text.Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(strBuffer);

                    if (compressed)
                    {
                        request.ContentType = "application/x-gzip";
                        using (MemoryStream ms = new MemoryStream())
                        {
                            using (GZipStream comp = new GZipStream(ms, CompressionMode.Compress))
                            {
                                comp.Write(buffer, 0, buffer.Length);
                                // We need to close the gzip stream before we write it anywhere
                                // because apparently something important related to gzip compression
                                // gets written on the strteam upon Dispose()
                            }
                            byte[] buf = ms.ToArray();
                            request.ContentLength = buf.Length;   //Count bytes to send
                            using (Stream requestStream = request.GetRequestStream())
                                requestStream.Write(buf, 0, (int)buf.Length);
                        }
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        request.ContentType = "application/json";
                        request.ContentLength = buffer.Length;   //Count bytes to send
                        using (Stream requestStream = request.GetRequestStream())
                                requestStream.Write(buffer, 0, buffer.Length);         //Send it
                    }
                }
                
                // capture how much time was spent writing, this may seem silly
                // but with the number concurrent requests, this often blocks
                tickdata = Util.EnvironmentTickCountSubtract(tickstart);

                using (WebResponse response = request.GetResponse())
                {
                    using (Stream responseStream = response.GetResponseStream())
                    {
                        string responseStr = null;
                        responseStr = responseStream.GetStreamString();
                        // m_log.DebugFormat("[WEB UTIL]: <{0}> response is <{1}>",reqnum,responseStr);
                        return CanonicalizeResults(responseStr);
                    }
                }
            }
            catch (WebException we)
            {
                errorMessage = we.Message;
                if (we.Status == WebExceptionStatus.ProtocolError)
                {
                    HttpWebResponse webResponse = (HttpWebResponse)we.Response;
                    errorMessage = String.Format("[{0}] {1}",webResponse.StatusCode,webResponse.StatusDescription);
                }
            }
            catch (Exception ex)
            {
                errorMessage = ex.Message;
            }
            finally
            {
                // This just dumps a warning for any operation that takes more than 100 ms
                int tickdiff = Util.EnvironmentTickCountSubtract(tickstart);
                if (tickdiff > LongCallTime)
                    m_log.DebugFormat("[WEB UTIL]: osd request <{0}> (URI:{1}, METHOD:{2}) took {3}ms overall, {4}ms writing",
                                     reqnum,url,method,tickdiff,tickdata);
            }
           
	        m_log.DebugFormat("[WEB UTIL]: <{0}> osd request for {1}, method {2} FAILED: {3}", reqnum, url, method, errorMessage); 
            return ErrorResponseMap(errorMessage);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Since there are no consistencies in the way web requests are
        /// formed, we need to do a little guessing about the result format.
        /// Keys:
        ///     Success|success == the success fail of the request
        ///     _RawResult == the raw string that came back
        ///     _Result == the OSD unpacked string
        /// </summary>
        private static OSDMap CanonicalizeResults(string response)
        {
            OSDMap result = new OSDMap();

            // Default values
            result["Success"] = OSD.FromBoolean(true);
            result["success"] = OSD.FromBoolean(true);
            result["_RawResult"] = OSD.FromString(response);
            result["_Result"] = new OSDMap();
            
            if (response.Equals("true",System.StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
                return result;

            if (response.Equals("false",System.StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
            {
                result["Success"] = OSD.FromBoolean(false);
                result["success"] = OSD.FromBoolean(false);
                return result;
            }

            try 
            {
                OSD responseOSD = OSDParser.Deserialize(response);
                if (responseOSD.Type == OSDType.Map)
                {
                    result["_Result"] = (OSDMap)responseOSD;
                    return result;
                }
            }
            catch
            {
                // don't need to treat this as an error... we're just guessing anyway
//                m_log.DebugFormat("[WEB UTIL] couldn't decode <{0}>: {1}",response,e.Message);
            }
            
            return result;
        }
        
        #endregion JSONRequest

        #region FormRequest

        /// <summary>
        /// POST URL-encoded form data to a web service that returns LLSD or
        /// JSON data
        /// </summary>
        public static OSDMap PostToService(string url, NameValueCollection data)
        {
            return ServiceFormRequest(url,data,10000);
        }
        
        public static OSDMap ServiceFormRequest(string url, NameValueCollection data, int timeout)
        {
            int reqnum = m_requestNumber++;
            string method = (data != null && data["RequestMethod"] != null) ? data["RequestMethod"] : "unknown";
            // m_log.DebugFormat("[WEB UTIL]: <{0}> start form request for {1}, method {2}",reqnum,url,method);
            
            string errorMessage = "unknown error";
            int tickstart = Util.EnvironmentTickCount();
            int tickdata = 0;

            try
            {
                
                HttpWebRequest request = (HttpWebRequest)HttpWebRequest.Create(url);
                request.Method = "POST";
                request.Timeout = timeout;
                request.KeepAlive = false;
                request.MaximumAutomaticRedirections = 10;
                request.ReadWriteTimeout = timeout / 4;
                request.Headers[OSHeaderRequestID] = reqnum.ToString();
                
                if (data != null)
                {
                    string queryString = BuildQueryString(data);
                    byte[] buffer = System.Text.Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(queryString);
                    
                    request.ContentLength = buffer.Length;
                    request.ContentType = "application/x-www-form-urlencoded";
                    using (Stream requestStream = request.GetRequestStream())
                        requestStream.Write(buffer, 0, buffer.Length);
                }

                // capture how much time was spent writing, this may seem silly
                // but with the number concurrent requests, this often blocks
                tickdata = Util.EnvironmentTickCountSubtract(tickstart);

                using (WebResponse response = request.GetResponse())
                {
                    using (Stream responseStream = response.GetResponseStream())
                    {
                        string responseStr = null;

                        responseStr = responseStream.GetStreamString();
                        OSD responseOSD = OSDParser.Deserialize(responseStr);
                        if (responseOSD.Type == OSDType.Map)
                            return (OSDMap)responseOSD;
                    }
                }
            }
            catch (WebException we)
            {
                errorMessage = we.Message;
                if (we.Status == WebExceptionStatus.ProtocolError)
                {
                    HttpWebResponse webResponse = (HttpWebResponse)we.Response;
                    errorMessage = String.Format("[{0}] {1}",webResponse.StatusCode,webResponse.StatusDescription);
                }
            }
            catch (Exception ex)
            {
                errorMessage = ex.Message;
            }
            finally
            {
                int tickdiff = Util.EnvironmentTickCountSubtract(tickstart);
                if (tickdiff > LongCallTime)
                    m_log.InfoFormat("[WEB UTIL]: form request <{0}> (URI:{1}, METHOD:{2}) took {3}ms overall, {4}ms writing",
                                     reqnum,url,method,tickdiff,tickdata);
            }

            m_log.WarnFormat("[WEB UTIL]: <{0}> form request failed: {1}",reqnum,errorMessage);
            return ErrorResponseMap(errorMessage);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Create a response map for an error, trying to keep
        /// the result formats consistent
        /// </summary>
        private static OSDMap ErrorResponseMap(string msg)
        {
            OSDMap result = new OSDMap();
            result["Success"] = "False";
            result["Message"] = OSD.FromString("Service request failed: " + msg);
            return result;
        }

        #endregion FormRequest
        
        #region Uri

        /// <summary>
        /// Combines a Uri that can contain both a base Uri and relative path
        /// with a second relative path fragment
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="uri">Starting (base) Uri</param>
        /// <param name="fragment">Relative path fragment to append to the end
        /// of the Uri</param>
        /// <returns>The combined Uri</returns>
        /// <remarks>This is similar to the Uri constructor that takes a base
        /// Uri and the relative path, except this method can append a relative
        /// path fragment on to an existing relative path</remarks>
        public static Uri Combine(this Uri uri, string fragment)
        {
            string fragment1 = uri.Fragment;
            string fragment2 = fragment;

            if (!fragment1.EndsWith("/"))
                fragment1 = fragment1 + '/';
            if (fragment2.StartsWith("/"))
                fragment2 = fragment2.Substring(1);

            return new Uri(uri, fragment1 + fragment2);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Combines a Uri that can contain both a base Uri and relative path
        /// with a second relative path fragment. If the fragment is absolute,
        /// it will be returned without modification
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="uri">Starting (base) Uri</param>
        /// <param name="fragment">Relative path fragment to append to the end
        /// of the Uri, or an absolute Uri to return unmodified</param>
        /// <returns>The combined Uri</returns>
        public static Uri Combine(this Uri uri, Uri fragment)
        {
            if (fragment.IsAbsoluteUri)
                return fragment;

            string fragment1 = uri.Fragment;
            string fragment2 = fragment.ToString();

            if (!fragment1.EndsWith("/"))
                fragment1 = fragment1 + '/';
            if (fragment2.StartsWith("/"))
                fragment2 = fragment2.Substring(1);

            return new Uri(uri, fragment1 + fragment2);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Appends a query string to a Uri that may or may not have existing 
        /// query parameters
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="uri">Uri to append the query to</param>
        /// <param name="query">Query string to append. Can either start with ?
        /// or just containg key/value pairs</param>
        /// <returns>String representation of the Uri with the query string
        /// appended</returns>
        public static string AppendQuery(this Uri uri, string query)
        {
            if (String.IsNullOrEmpty(query))
                return uri.ToString();

            if (query[0] == '?' || query[0] == '&')
                query = query.Substring(1);

            string uriStr = uri.ToString();

            if (uriStr.Contains("?"))
                return uriStr + '&' + query;
            else
                return uriStr + '?' + query;
        }

        #endregion Uri

        #region NameValueCollection

        /// <summary>
        /// Convert a NameValueCollection into a query string. This is the
        /// inverse of HttpUtility.ParseQueryString()
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="parameters">Collection of key/value pairs to convert</param>
        /// <returns>A query string with URL-escaped values</returns>
        public static string BuildQueryString(NameValueCollection parameters)
        {
            List<string> items = new List<string>(parameters.Count);

            foreach (string key in parameters.Keys)
            {
                string[] values = parameters.GetValues(key);
                if (values != null)
                {
                    foreach (string value in values)
                        items.Add(String.Concat(key, "=", HttpUtility.UrlEncode(value ?? String.Empty)));
                }
            }

            return String.Join("&", items.ToArray());
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// 
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="collection"></param>
        /// <param name="key"></param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public static string GetOne(this NameValueCollection collection, string key)
        {
            string[] values = collection.GetValues(key);
            if (values != null && values.Length > 0)
                return values[0];

            return null;
        }

        #endregion NameValueCollection

        #region Stream

        /// <summary>
        /// Copies the contents of one stream to another, starting at the 
        /// current position of each stream
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="copyFrom">The stream to copy from, at the position 
        /// where copying should begin</param>
        /// <param name="copyTo">The stream to copy to, at the position where 
        /// bytes should be written</param>
        /// <param name="maximumBytesToCopy">The maximum bytes to copy</param>
        /// <returns>The total number of bytes copied</returns>
        /// <remarks>
        /// Copying begins at the streams' current positions. The positions are
        /// NOT reset after copying is complete.
        /// </remarks>
        public static int CopyTo(this Stream copyFrom, Stream copyTo, int maximumBytesToCopy)
        {
            byte[] buffer = new byte[4096];
            int readBytes;
            int totalCopiedBytes = 0;

            while ((readBytes = copyFrom.Read(buffer, 0, Math.Min(4096, maximumBytesToCopy))) > 0)
            {
                int writeBytes = Math.Min(maximumBytesToCopy, readBytes);
                copyTo.Write(buffer, 0, writeBytes);
                totalCopiedBytes += writeBytes;
                maximumBytesToCopy -= writeBytes;
            }

            return totalCopiedBytes;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Converts an entire stream to a string, regardless of current stream
        /// position
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="stream">The stream to convert to a string</param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        /// <remarks>When this method is done, the stream position will be 
        /// reset to its previous position before this method was called</remarks>
        public static string GetStreamString(this Stream stream)
        {
            string value = null;

            if (stream != null && stream.CanRead)
            {
                long rewindPos = -1;

                if (stream.CanSeek)
                {
                    rewindPos = stream.Position;
                    stream.Seek(0, SeekOrigin.Begin);
                }

                StreamReader reader = new StreamReader(stream);
                value = reader.ReadToEnd();

                if (rewindPos >= 0)
                    stream.Seek(rewindPos, SeekOrigin.Begin);
            }

            return value;
        }

        #endregion Stream

        public class QBasedComparer : IComparer
        {
            public int Compare(Object x, Object y)
            {
                float qx = GetQ(x);
                float qy = GetQ(y);
                return qy.CompareTo(qx); // descending order
            }

            private float GetQ(Object o)
            {
                // Example: image/png;q=0.9

                float qvalue = 1F;
                if (o is String)
                {
                    string mime = (string)o;
                    string[] parts = mime.Split(';');
                    if (parts.Length > 1)
                    {
                        string[] kvp = parts[1].Split('=');
                        if (kvp.Length == 2 && kvp[0] == "q")
                            float.TryParse(kvp[1], NumberStyles.Number, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, out qvalue);
                    }
                }

                return qvalue;
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Takes the value of an Accept header and returns the preferred types
        /// ordered by q value (if it exists).
        /// Example input: image/jpg;q=0.7, image/png;q=0.8, image/jp2
        /// Exmaple output: ["jp2", "png", "jpg"]
        /// NOTE: This doesn't handle the semantics of *'s...
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="accept"></param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public static string[] GetPreferredImageTypes(string accept)
        {

            if (accept == null || accept == string.Empty)
                return new string[0];

            string[] types = accept.Split(new char[] { ',' });
            if (types.Length > 0)
            {
                List<string> list = new List<string>(types);
                list.RemoveAll(delegate(string s) { return !s.ToLower().StartsWith("image"); });
                ArrayList tlist = new ArrayList(list);
                tlist.Sort(new QBasedComparer());

                string[] result = new string[tlist.Count];
                for (int i = 0; i < tlist.Count; i++)
                {
                    string mime = (string)tlist[i];
                    string[] parts = mime.Split(new char[] { ';' });
                    string[] pair = parts[0].Split(new char[] { '/' });
                    if (pair.Length == 2)
                        result[i] = pair[1].ToLower();
                    else // oops, we don't know what this is...
                        result[i] = pair[0];
                }

                return result;
            }

            return new string[0];
        }


    }

    public static class AsynchronousRestObjectRequester
    {
        private static readonly ILog m_log = LogManager.GetLogger(MethodBase.GetCurrentMethod().DeclaringType);

        /// <summary>
        /// Perform an asynchronous REST request.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="verb">GET or POST</param>
        /// <param name="requestUrl"></param>
        /// <param name="obj"></param>
        /// <param name="action"></param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        ///
        /// <exception cref="System.Net.WebException">Thrown if we encounter a
        /// network issue while posting the request.  You'll want to make
        /// sure you deal with this as they're not uncommon</exception>
        //
        public static void MakeRequest<TRequest, TResponse>(string verb,
                string requestUrl, TRequest obj, Action<TResponse> action)
        {
            //            m_log.DebugFormat("[ASYNC REQUEST]: Starting {0} {1}", verb, requestUrl);

            Type type = typeof(TRequest);

            WebRequest request = WebRequest.Create(requestUrl);
            WebResponse response = null;
            TResponse deserial = default(TResponse);
            XmlSerializer deserializer = new XmlSerializer(typeof(TResponse));

            request.Method = verb;

            if (verb == "POST")
            {
                request.ContentType = "text/xml";

                MemoryStream buffer = new MemoryStream();

                XmlWriterSettings settings = new XmlWriterSettings();
                settings.Encoding = Encoding.UTF8;

                using (XmlWriter writer = XmlWriter.Create(buffer, settings))
                {
                    XmlSerializer serializer = new XmlSerializer(type);
                    serializer.Serialize(writer, obj);
                    writer.Flush();
                }

                int length = (int)buffer.Length;
                request.ContentLength = length;

                request.BeginGetRequestStream(delegate(IAsyncResult res)
                {
                    Stream requestStream = request.EndGetRequestStream(res);

                    requestStream.Write(buffer.ToArray(), 0, length);
                    requestStream.Close();

                    request.BeginGetResponse(delegate(IAsyncResult ar)
                    {
                        response = request.EndGetResponse(ar);
                        Stream respStream = null;
                        try
                        {
                            respStream = response.GetResponseStream();
                            deserial = (TResponse)deserializer.Deserialize(
                                    respStream);
                        }
                        catch (System.InvalidOperationException)
                        {
                        }
                        finally
                        {
                            // Let's not close this
                            //buffer.Close();
                            respStream.Close();
                            response.Close();
                        }

                        action(deserial);

                    }, null);
                }, null);


                return;
            }

            request.BeginGetResponse(delegate(IAsyncResult res2)
            {
                try
                {
                    // If the server returns a 404, this appears to trigger a System.Net.WebException even though that isn't
                    // documented in MSDN
                    response = request.EndGetResponse(res2);

                    Stream respStream = null;
                    try
                    {
                        respStream = response.GetResponseStream();
                        deserial = (TResponse)deserializer.Deserialize(respStream);
                    }
                    catch (System.InvalidOperationException)
                    {
                    }
                    finally
                    {
                        respStream.Close();
                        response.Close();
                    }
                }
                catch (WebException e)
                {
                    if (e.Status == WebExceptionStatus.ProtocolError)
                    {
                        if (e.Response is HttpWebResponse)
                        {
                            HttpWebResponse httpResponse = (HttpWebResponse)e.Response;

                            if (httpResponse.StatusCode != HttpStatusCode.NotFound)
                            {
                                // We don't appear to be handling any other status codes, so log these feailures to that
                                // people don't spend unnecessary hours hunting phantom bugs.
                                m_log.DebugFormat(
                                    "[ASYNC REQUEST]: Request {0} {1} failed with unexpected status code {2}",
                                    verb, requestUrl, httpResponse.StatusCode);
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        m_log.ErrorFormat("[ASYNC REQUEST]: Request {0} {1} failed with status {2} and message {3}", verb, requestUrl, e.Status, e.Message);
                    }
                }
                catch (Exception e)
                {
                    m_log.ErrorFormat("[ASYNC REQUEST]: Request {0} {1} failed with exception {2}", verb, requestUrl, e);
                }

                //  m_log.DebugFormat("[ASYNC REQUEST]: Received {0}", deserial.ToString());

                try
                {
                    action(deserial);
                }
                catch (Exception e)
                {
                    m_log.ErrorFormat(
                        "[ASYNC REQUEST]: Request {0} {1} callback failed with exception {2}", verb, requestUrl, e);
                }

            }, null);
        }
    }

    public static class SynchronousRestFormsRequester
    {
        private static readonly ILog m_log =
                LogManager.GetLogger(
                MethodBase.GetCurrentMethod().DeclaringType);

        /// <summary>
        /// Perform a synchronous REST request.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="verb"></param>
        /// <param name="requestUrl"></param>
        /// <param name="obj"> </param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        ///
        /// <exception cref="System.Net.WebException">Thrown if we encounter a network issue while posting
        /// the request.  You'll want to make sure you deal with this as they're not uncommon</exception>
        public static string MakeRequest(string verb, string requestUrl, string obj)
        {
            WebRequest request = WebRequest.Create(requestUrl);
            request.Method = verb;
            string respstring = String.Empty;

            using (MemoryStream buffer = new MemoryStream())
            {
                if ((verb == "POST") || (verb == "PUT"))
                {
                    request.ContentType = "application/x-www-form-urlencoded";

                    int length = 0;
                    using (StreamWriter writer = new StreamWriter(buffer))
                    {
                        writer.Write(obj);
                        writer.Flush();
                    }

                    length = (int)obj.Length;
                    request.ContentLength = length;

                    Stream requestStream = null;
                    try
                    {
                        requestStream = request.GetRequestStream();
                        requestStream.Write(buffer.ToArray(), 0, length);
                    }
                    catch (Exception e)
                    {
                        m_log.DebugFormat("[FORMS]: exception occured on sending request to {0}: " + e.ToString(), requestUrl);
                    }
                    finally
                    {
                        if (requestStream != null)
                            requestStream.Close();
                    }
                }

                try
                {
                    using (WebResponse resp = request.GetResponse())
                    {
                        if (resp.ContentLength != 0)
                        {
                            Stream respStream = null;
                            try
                            {
                                respStream = resp.GetResponseStream();
                                using (StreamReader reader = new StreamReader(respStream))
                                {
                                    respstring = reader.ReadToEnd();
                                }
                            }
                            catch (Exception e)
                            {
                                m_log.DebugFormat("[FORMS]: exception occured on receiving reply " + e.ToString());
                            }
                            finally
                            {
                                if (respStream != null)
                                    respStream.Close();
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
                catch (System.InvalidOperationException)
                {
                    // This is what happens when there is invalid XML
                    m_log.DebugFormat("[FORMS]: InvalidOperationException on receiving request");
                }
            }
            return respstring;
        }
    }

    public class SynchronousRestObjectRequester
    {
        private static readonly ILog m_log =
            LogManager.GetLogger(
            MethodBase.GetCurrentMethod().DeclaringType);

        /// <summary>
        /// Perform a synchronous REST request.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="verb"></param>
        /// <param name="requestUrl"></param>
        /// <param name="obj"> </param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        ///
        /// <exception cref="System.Net.WebException">Thrown if we encounter a network issue while posting
        /// the request.  You'll want to make sure you deal with this as they're not uncommon</exception>
        public static TResponse MakeRequest<TRequest, TResponse>(string verb, string requestUrl, TRequest obj)
        {
            Type type = typeof(TRequest);
            TResponse deserial = default(TResponse);

            WebRequest request = WebRequest.Create(requestUrl);
            request.Method = verb;

            if ((verb == "POST") || (verb == "PUT"))
            {
                request.ContentType = "text/xml";

                MemoryStream buffer = new MemoryStream();

                XmlWriterSettings settings = new XmlWriterSettings();
                settings.Encoding = Encoding.UTF8;

                using (XmlWriter writer = XmlWriter.Create(buffer, settings))
                {
                    XmlSerializer serializer = new XmlSerializer(type);
                    serializer.Serialize(writer, obj);
                    writer.Flush();
                }

                int length = (int)buffer.Length;
                request.ContentLength = length;

                Stream requestStream = null;
                try
                {
                    requestStream = request.GetRequestStream();
                    requestStream.Write(buffer.ToArray(), 0, length);
                }
                catch (Exception e)
                {
                    m_log.DebugFormat("[SynchronousRestObjectRequester]: exception in sending data to {0}: {1}", requestUrl, e); 
                    return deserial;
                }
                finally
                {
                    if (requestStream != null)
                        requestStream.Close();
                }
            }

            try
            {
                using (HttpWebResponse resp = (HttpWebResponse)request.GetResponse())
                {
                    if (resp.ContentLength != 0)
                    {
                        Stream respStream = resp.GetResponseStream();
                        XmlSerializer deserializer = new XmlSerializer(typeof(TResponse));
                        deserial = (TResponse)deserializer.Deserialize(respStream);
                        respStream.Close();
                    }
                    else
                        m_log.DebugFormat("[SynchronousRestObjectRequester]: Oops! no content found in response stream from {0} {1}", requestUrl, verb);
                }
            }
            catch (WebException e)
            {
                HttpWebResponse hwr = (HttpWebResponse)e.Response;

                if (hwr != null && hwr.StatusCode == HttpStatusCode.NotFound)
                    return deserial;
                else
                    m_log.ErrorFormat(
                        "[SynchronousRestObjectRequester]: WebException {0} {1} {2} {3}",
                        requestUrl, typeof(TResponse).ToString(), e.Message, e.StackTrace);
            }
            catch (System.InvalidOperationException)
            {
                // This is what happens when there is invalid XML
                m_log.DebugFormat("[SynchronousRestObjectRequester]: Invalid XML {0} {1}", requestUrl, typeof(TResponse).ToString());
            }
            catch (Exception e)
            {
                m_log.DebugFormat("[SynchronousRestObjectRequester]: Exception on response from {0} {1}", requestUrl, e);
            }

            return deserial;
        }
    }
}